论文标题
在不确定性下与公共物品合作
Cooperation for public goods under uncertainty
论文作者
论文摘要
每个人都想要清洁的空气，和平和其他公共物品，但很容易就他人的努力自由。摆脱困境的通常方法是强加规范，保持声誉并激励个人贡献。然而，在高度不确定性的情况下，例如与独裁政权的抗议者对抗，通常的措施是不可行的，但是可以实现合作。我们使用具有不对称旋转的ISING模型，代表合作和叛逃，以显示如何实现公共物品。在不确定性下，人们使用顺从的启发式。对抗的动荡导致某些人意外合作，在临界的动荡状态下，他们需要一系列合作。在小型网络中，这种临界水平要低得多。
Everyone wants clean air, peace and other public goods but is tempted to freeride on others' efforts. The usual way out of this dilemma is to impose norms, maintain reputations and incentivize individuals to contribute. In situations of high uncertainty, however, such as confrontations of protesters with a dictatorial regime, the usual measures are not feasible, but cooperation can be achieved nevertheless. We use an Ising model with asymmetric spins that represent cooperation and defection to show numerically how public goods can be realized. Under uncertainty, people use the heuristic of conformity. The turmoil of a confrontation causes some individuals to cooperate accidentally, and at a critical level of turmoil, they entail a cascade of cooperation. This critical level is much lower in small networks.
