论文标题
研究问题的主要重要性：对理解自然与受控直接效应和“跨世界独立假设”的影响
The primary importance of the research question: Implications for understanding natural versus controlled direct effects and the 'cross-world independence assumption'
论文作者
论文摘要
在开发新的干预措施以最大程度地减少暴露的有害影响时，研究人员通常针对介导暴露对结果的因果影响的机制。通常通过识别（1）受控直接效应或（2）纯（自然）直接效应来预测这些新干预措施的因果效应。在这篇文章中，我们使用干预主义方法讨论这两种方法如何回答不同的问题，以及与彼此相比的其他基本假设。我们使用一个特定的例子来开发新的干预措施，该措施可能通过去除对有害化学物质的吸入来减少吸烟对慢性阻塞性肺部疾病的有害影响。
When developing new interventions to minimize the harmful effects of an exposure, investigators usually target the mechanisms that mediate the causal effect of the exposure on the outcome. Predicting the causal effect of these new interventions is generally done through identifying either (1) the controlled direct effect, or (2) the pure (natural) direct effect. In this opinion piece, we use the interventionist approach to discuss how these two approaches answer different questions, and the additional underlying assumptions of each compared to the other. We use a specific example for the development of a new intervention that might reduce the harmful effects of smoking on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by removing the inhalation of harmful chemicals.
