论文标题
行星形成和大气进化的统一模拟：卵石积聚，巨大冲击和出色的辐照对超收获的影响
Unified simulations of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution: Effects of pebble accretion, giant impacts, and stellar irradiations on super-Earth formation
论文作者
论文摘要
已经发现了大量的超收获，并且通过传输光谱也观察到了传播超收获的气氛。几条观察性证据表明，大多数超级赚钱都不具有巨大的h $ _2 $/HE气氛。然而，超级地球挑战行星形成理论的积聚和保留较少的气氛。我们考虑以下三种机制：（i）卵石积聚加热，（ii）巨大撞击期间的质量损失以及（iii）恒星X射线和EUV光蒸发的大气损失。我们研究了这些机制是否影响围绕超级地球形成的大气的数量。我们开发了一个代码，结合了卵石驱动的行星形成和大气进化模拟的N体模拟。我们证明，我们模拟的结果很好地再现了观察到的超净产量的轨道特性。但是，（i）卵石积聚加热在磁盘分散之前停止，（ii）巨大的影响事件的频率太低而无法雕刻大量的气氛，（iii）许多具有h $ _2 $ h $ _2 $/he气氛的超级地球的$ \ gtrsim 10 $ wt％10 $ wt％的10 $ wt％抗体对stellar for Stellar for for Stellar for 1 griradiations for 1 gyradiations for 1 gyradiations for 1 griradiations for 1 griradiations for 1 griradiations for 1 gyry for 1 gyry。因此，可能需要其他机制（例如抑制气体积聚）来解释超级地球的较少巨大气氛（$ \ lyssim 10 $ wt％）。
A substantial number of super-Earths have been discovered, and atmospheres of transiting super-Earths have also been observed by transmission spectroscopy. Several lines of observational evidence indicate that most super-Earths do not possess massive H$_2$/He atmospheres. However, accretion and retention of less massive atmospheres on super-Earths challenge planet formation theory. We consider the following three mechanisms: (i) envelope heating by pebble accretion, (ii) mass loss during giant impacts, and (iii) atmospheric loss by stellar X-ray and EUV photoevaporation. We investigate whether these mechanisms influence the amount of the atmospheres that form around super-Earths. We develop a code combining an N-body simulation of pebble-driven planetary formation and an atmospheric evolution simulation. We demonstrate that the observed orbital properties of super-Earths are well reproduced by the results of our simulations. However, (i) heating by pebble accretion ceases prior to disk dispersal, (ii) the frequency of giant impact events is too low to sculpt massive atmospheres, and (iii) many super-Earths having H$_2$/He atmospheres of $\gtrsim 10$ wt% survive against stellar irradiations for 1 Gyr. Therefore, it is likely that other mechanisms such as suppression of gas accretion are required to explain less massive atmospheres ($\lesssim 10$ wt%) of super-Earths.
