论文标题
量子静电，高斯定律和用于量子电动力学的产品图片；或者，暂时量规修改了
Quantum electrostatics, Gauss's law, and a product picture for quantum electrodynamics; or, the temporal gauge revised
论文作者
论文摘要
我们为在1998年纸张中引入的静态外部电荷分布的静电场的量子相干状态的概念提供了理论基础。与人们期望的相反，每当两个电荷分布的总电荷相等时，即使电荷分布本身不同，这些内部产品也不是零。实际上，我们为这些相同的连贯状态显示了两个不同的框架，在高斯法律中仅具有期望值。我们提出了一个能够裁定这一点的实验。第一个框架为完整的QED带来了“产品图片”，即标准Q的重新重新制作，其具有全汉密尔顿式的QED，以免费的电磁汉密尔顿（Hamiltonian），免费充电的汉密尔顿（Hamiltonian）和一个互动术语，作用于“物理空间”的“全部收费产品”的互动产品和电子产品的互动术语和互动术语。 （QED的传统库仑量规配方不是产品图片，因为在其中，电场的纵向部分是带电物质运算符的函数。）我们为Maxwell-Dirac和Maxwell-SchrödingerQed做到这一点。对于每个系统的物理子空间中的所有州，充电的物质都与纵向光子纠缠在一起，高斯定律符合物理子空间作为操作员方程；尽管电场运算符和汉密尔顿人虽然在物理子空间上的自我伴侣虽然在整个张量产品希尔伯特空间上都没有自我伴侣。我们连贯的状态内部产品和产品图片的类似物在作者的物质纠缠假设中起作用。同样，产品图片等于QED的时间表量化，似乎没有以前版本的困难。
We provide a theoretical foundation for the notion of the quantum coherent state of the electrostatic field of a static external charge distribution introduced in a 1998 paper and rederive formulae there for the inner products of a pair of such states. Contrary to what one might expect, these inner products are non-zero whenever the total charges of the two charge distributions are equal, even if the charge distributions themselves differ. We actually display two different frameworks for these same coherent states, in the second of which Gauss's law only holds in expectation value. We propose an experiment capable of ruling that out. The first framework leads to a 'product picture' for full QED -- i.e. a reformulation of standard QED in which it has a total Hamiltonian, arising as a sum of a free electromagnetic Hamiltonian, a free charged-matter Hamiltonian and an interaction term, acting on a 'physical subspace' of the full tensor product of charged-matter and electromagnetic-field Hilbert spaces. (The traditional Coulomb gauge formulation of QED isn't a product picture because, in it, the longitudinal part of the electric field is a function of the charged matter operators.) We do this for both Maxwell-Dirac and Maxwell-Schrödinger QED. For all states in the physical subspace of each of these systems, the charged matter is entangled with longitudinal photons and Gauss's law holds on the physical subspace as an operator equation; albeit the electric field operator and the Hamiltonian, while self-adjoint on the physical subspace, fail to be self-adjoint on the full tensor-product Hilbert space. Analogues of our coherent state inner products and of the product picture play a role in the author's matter-gravity entanglement hypothesis. Also, the product picture amounts to a temporal gauge quantization of QED which appears to be free from the difficulties of previous versions.
