论文标题

迟到总比没有好;通过延迟执行,在区块链中缩放计算

Better Late than Never; Scaling Computation in Blockchains by Delaying Execution

论文作者

Das, Sourav, Awathare, Nitin, Ren, Ling, Ribeiro, Vinay Joseph, Bellur, Umesh

论文摘要

基于工作证明〜(POW)区块链通常仅分配平均范围内的时间〜($ \ m athbb {i} $)的小部分(例如,以太坊的小于1%)之间用于验证交易。验证时间〜($τ$)的琐碎增加引入了众所周知的验证者困境,正如我们所证明的那样,会导致更多的分叉并增加不公平。大型$τ$还降低了对拜占庭对手的安全性。将验证验证验证到一组非链节点(又称链方法)的解决方案遭受了无法解决的信任问题。 在本文中,我们提出了燕尾服,这是理论上缩放$τ/\ mathbb {i} \大约1 $在POW Blockchains中的第一个链链协议。燕尾服的关键创新是将交易顺序的共识与执行分开。我们通过允许矿工将交易量验证在块中的验证降低不超过$ζ$块,其中$ζ$是系统参数。我们对燕尾服进行安全分析,考虑到具有端到端延迟$δ$的同步网络中所有可能的对抗策略,并证明Tuxedo实现了与最长的链中Nakamoto共识的已知结果相同的安全性。此外,我们还建议按照应用要求根据应用程序要求进行参数$ζ$的实践方法。我们对以太坊燕尾服的原型实施表明,它可以扩展$τ$,而不会遭受现有区块链中天真缩放的有害影响。

Proof-of-Work~(PoW) based blockchains typically allocate only a tiny fraction (e.g., less than 1% for Ethereum) of the average interarrival time~($\mathbb{I}$) between blocks for validating transactions. A trivial increase in validation time~($τ$) introduces the popularly known Verifier's Dilemma, and as we demonstrate, causes more forking and increases unfairness. Large $τ$ also reduces the tolerance for safety against a Byzantine adversary. Solutions that offload validation to a set of non-chain nodes (a.k.a. off-chain approaches) suffer from trust issues that are non-trivial to resolve. In this paper, we present Tuxedo, the first on-chain protocol to theoretically scale $τ/\mathbb{I} \approx 1$ in PoW blockchains. The key innovation in Tuxedo is to separate the consensus on the ordering of transactions from their execution. We achieve this by allowing miners to delay validation of transactions in a block by up to $ζ$ blocks, where $ζ$ is a system parameter. We perform security analysis of Tuxedo considering all possible adversarial strategies in a synchronous network with end-to-end delay $Δ$ and demonstrate that Tuxedo achieves security equivalent to known results for longest chain PoW Nakamoto consensus. Additionally, we also suggest a principled approach for practical choices of parameter $ζ$ as per the application requirement. Our prototype implementation of Tuxedo atop Ethereum demonstrates that it can scale $τ$ without suffering the harmful effects of naive scaling in existing blockchains.

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