论文标题

在有隐性差异的情况下进行公平选择

On Fair Selection in the Presence of Implicit Variance

论文作者

Emelianov, Vitalii, Gast, Nicolas, Gummadi, Krishna P., Loiseau, Patrick

论文摘要

基于配额的公平机制,例如所谓的鲁尼规则或五分之四的规则,用于选择问题,例如招聘或大学入学,以根据敏感人群属性减少不平等。这些机制通常被视为引入了选择公平与实用性之间的权衡。然而,在最近的工作中,克莱恩伯格(Kleinberg)和拉加万(Raghavan)表明,在估计候选人质量方面存在隐式偏见的情况下,鲁尼规则可以增加选择过程的效用。 我们认为,即使没有隐性偏见,不同群体的候选人质量的估计可能会在另一种基本方式上有所不同,即其差异。我们认为这种现象的隐性差异,我们问:公平机制能否在存在隐式方差的情况下(即使在没有隐性偏见的情况下)有利于选择过程的效用?为了回答这个问题,我们提出了一个简单的模型,其中候选人具有真正的潜在质量,该质量是由群体无关的正态分布得出的。为了做出选择,决策者会以正常的噪声获得对每个候选人质量的公正估计,但其差异取决于候选人的群体。然后,我们通过施加公平机制来比较我们称为$γ$ rule的公平机制(包括人口统计学奇偶校验和四分之一五分之一的规则)与群体合并的选择算法的效用,该算法独立于他们小组的质量最高质量。我们的主要结果表明,人口统计学机制始终增加选择实用程序,而任何$γ$ rule都会弱增加它。我们将模型扩展到了两个阶段的选择过程,在第二阶段观察到了真正的质量。我们讨论了我们的结果的多个扩展,特别是对真正潜在质量的不同分布。

Quota-based fairness mechanisms like the so-called Rooney rule or four-fifths rule are used in selection problems such as hiring or college admission to reduce inequalities based on sensitive demographic attributes. These mechanisms are often viewed as introducing a trade-off between selection fairness and utility. In recent work, however, Kleinberg and Raghavan showed that, in the presence of implicit bias in estimating candidates' quality, the Rooney rule can increase the utility of the selection process. We argue that even in the absence of implicit bias, the estimates of candidates' quality from different groups may differ in another fundamental way, namely, in their variance. We term this phenomenon implicit variance and we ask: can fairness mechanisms be beneficial to the utility of a selection process in the presence of implicit variance (even in the absence of implicit bias)? To answer this question, we propose a simple model in which candidates have a true latent quality that is drawn from a group-independent normal distribution. To make the selection, a decision maker receives an unbiased estimate of the quality of each candidate, with normal noise, but whose variance depends on the candidate's group. We then compare the utility obtained by imposing a fairness mechanism that we term $γ$-rule (it includes demographic parity and the four-fifths rule as special cases), to that of a group-oblivious selection algorithm that picks the candidates with the highest estimated quality independently of their group. Our main result shows that the demographic parity mechanism always increases the selection utility, while any $γ$-rule weakly increases it. We extend our model to a two-stage selection process where the true quality is observed at the second stage. We discuss multiple extensions of our results, in particular to different distributions of the true latent quality.

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