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In these decades, it has been revealed that there is rich information-theoretic structure in thermodynamics of out-of-equilibrium systems in both the classical and quantum regimes. This has led to the fruitful interplay among statistical physics, quantum information theory, and mathematical theories including matrix analysis and asymptotic probability theory. The main purpose of this book is to clarify how information theory works behind thermodynamics and to shed modern light on it. We focus on both of purely information-theoretic concepts and their physical implications: We present self-contained and rigorous proofs of several fundamental properties of entropies, divergences, and majorization. We also discuss the modern formulations of thermodynamics, especially from the perspectives of stochastic thermodynamics and resource theory of thermodynamics. Resource theory is a recently-developed field as a branch of quantum information theory in order to quantify (energetically or information-theoretically) "useful resources." We show that resource theory has an intrinsic connection to various fundamental ideas of mathematics and information theory. This book is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the field, but would serve as a concise introduction to several important ingredients of the information-theoretic formulation of thermodynamics.