论文标题
共享知识的诅咒：与不完美信息的协调游戏中的递归信念推理
The Curse of Shared Knowledge: Recursive Belief Reasoning in a Coordination Game with Imperfect Information
论文作者
论文摘要
常识是安全团体协调的必要条件。当无法获得常识时，人类通常会利用自己的能力来归因信念和意图，以推断已知的知识。但是，这种共同的知识归因是深度的限制，因此容易出现协调失败，因为任何有限订单的知识归因都允许更高阶段的归因，从而可能会改变已知的人。在三个独立的实验中，我们研究了人类参与者（n = 802）能够识别常识和n阶共享知识之间的差异。我们使用一个新的两人协调游戏，其中包含不完美的信息，该游戏能够将递归游戏结构和高阶不确定性投入到一个简单的，类似于日常的环境中。我们的结果表明，参与者很难接受这样一个事实，即常识知识不能降低共享知识。取而代之的是，即使在共享知识的最浅水深处，也试图协调罚款。
Common knowledge is a necessary condition for safe group coordination. When common knowledge can not be obtained, humans routinely use their ability to attribute beliefs and intentions in order to infer what is known. But such shared knowledge attributions are limited in depth and therefore prone to coordination failures, because any finite-order knowledge attribution allows for an even higher order attribution that may change what is known by whom. In three separate experiments we investigate to which degree human participants (N=802) are able to recognize the difference between common knowledge and nth-order shared knowledge. We use a new two-person coordination game with imperfect information that is able to cast the recursive game structure and higher-order uncertainties into a simple, everyday-like setting. Our results show that participants have a very hard time accepting the fact that common knowledge is not reducible to shared knowledge. Instead, participants try to coordinate even at the shallowest depths of shared knowledge and in spite of huge payoff penalties.
