论文标题

智能:Schwarzschild的轨道叠加技术的新实现,用于三轴星系及其应用于N身体合并模拟

SMART: A new implementation of Schwarzschild's Orbit Superposition technique for triaxial galaxies and its application to an N-body merger simulation

论文作者

Neureiter, Bianca, Thomas, Jens, Saglia, Roberto, Bender, Ralf, Finozzi, Fabrizio, Krukau, Aliaksei, Naab, Thorsten, Rantala, Antti, Frigo, Matteo

论文摘要

我们提出了Smart,这是Schwarzschild方法的新3D实现及其在三轴N体合并模拟中的应用。 Smart适合全线速度分布(LOSVD),以确定视角,黑洞,恒星和暗物质(DM)质量以及星系的恒星轨道分布。我们的模型使用5D轨道起始空间来确保适应积分空间的代表性恒星轨迹集,并旨在处理非参数恒星和DM密度。 SMART的效率通过应用于现实的N体合并模拟,包括超级质量黑洞,我们会从五个不同的预测中进行建模。在提供真正的视角,3D恒星光度曲线和归一化的DM光环时,我们可以(i)重现固有速度矩和各向异性剖面,精度约为1%,并且(ii)恢复黑洞质量,恒星质量到量的比率和DM归一化,比几个%的精度更高。该精度小于当前讨论的初始遗传质量函数与黑洞缩放关系中散布的差异。玩具模型的进一步测试表明,当已知电势并拟合全LOSVD时,三轴星系中各向异性的恢复几乎是独一无二的。我们表明,轨道模型甚至允许重建完整的固有速度分布,其中包含比经典各向异性参数更多的信息。令人惊讶的是,用于分析的N体模拟的重力电势的轨道库中包含绕中间轴的净旋转的轨道,这些轨道在某些GYR上是稳定的。

We present SMART, a new 3D implementation of the Schwarzschild Method and its application to a triaxial N-body merger simulation. SMART fits full line-of-sight velocity distributions (LOSVDs) to determine the viewing angles, black hole, stellar and dark matter (DM) masses and the stellar orbit distribution of galaxies. Our model uses a 5D orbital starting space to ensure a representative set of stellar trajectories adaptable to the integrals-of-motion space and it is designed to deal with non-parametric stellar and DM densities. SMART's efficiency is demonstrated by application to a realistic N-body merger simulation including supermassive black holes which we model from five different projections. When providing the true viewing angles, 3D stellar luminosity profile and normalized DM halo, we can (i) reproduce the intrinsic velocity moments and anisotropy profile with a precision of ~1% and (ii) recover the black hole mass, stellar mass-to-light ratio and DM normalization to better than a few percent accuracy. This precision is smaller than the currently discussed differences between initial-stellar-mass functions and scatter in black hole scaling relations. Further tests with toy models suggest that the recovery of the anisotropy in triaxial galaxies is almost unique when the potential is known and full LOSVDs are fitted. We show that orbit models even allow the reconstruction of full intrinsic velocity distributions, which contain more information than the classical anisotropy parameter. Surprisingly, the orbit library for the analysed N-body simulation's gravitational potential contains orbits with net rotation around the intermediate axis that is stable over some Gyrs.

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