论文标题
印度的收入分配和不平等：2014-19
Income distribution and inequality in India: 2014-19
论文作者
论文摘要
我们研究了印度2014 - 19年度收入的演变，并发现尽管收入不平等在这段时间基本上仍然一致，但收入分配的下端却造成了巨大的损失 - 最低的通风赛不仅表明收入份额下降了〜38％，而且实际平均收入的负数为-4.46％。我们进一步研究了使用农村和城市分裂的分布的组成，发现即使城市分布底部的收入份额随着时间的推移而增加，农村分布的底部的收入份额也有所下降 - 农村收入分配的最低收入分配的收入份额也下降了约41％，实际平均收入增长量降低了约41％，实际平均收入增长率为-4.4.3％。我们还从经验上证实，综合印度收入分配的底部发泄主要由农村收入组成，因此，实际收入的下降本质上是农村现象。在研究家庭的职业数据时，我们发现农村分布的底层与小/边缘农民和农业劳动的职业密切相关，强调了这种职业的经济脆弱性的日益增长。使用RGBM模型来估计印度收入分配中重新分配的性质，我们发现重新分配从2015年开始下降，甚至在2018年变成负面，这与实际收入在分配底部的经验证据保持一致，并且预示了将来在穷人中脱颖而出的负面重新分配的风险可能会导致对贫穷的资源的回归重新分配。
We study the evolution of income in India from 2014-19 and find that while income inequality remains largely consistent over this time, the lower end of the income distribution has experienced significant losses - the bottom ventile shows not only a decline in income share of ~38%, but also negative real average income growth of -4.6% per annum. We further investigate the composition of this part of the distribution using rural and urban splits, and find that even as income shares at the bottom of the urban distribution have increased over time, those at the bottom of the rural distribution have decreased - income share of bottom decile of the rural income distribution declined by ~41%, and real average income growth was at -4.3% per annum from 2014-19. We also empirically confirm that the bottom ventile of the consolidated Indian income distribution is composed primarily of rural incomes, and therefore the decline in real incomes is essentially a rural phenomenon. Studying occupation data of households, we find that the bottom decile of the rural distribution correlates strongly with occupations of small/marginal farmers and agricultural labour, highlighting the increasing economic fragility of such occupations. Using the RGBM model to estimate the nature of reallocation in the Indian income distribution, we find that reallocation has been decreasing from 2015 and even turned negative in 2018, which is in keeping with empirical evidence of real income declines at the bottom of the distribution, and heralds the risk that persistent negative reallocation in the future could result in regressive redistribution of resources from the poor to the rich.
