学术文献库

We use a sample of 27 GRBs at redshift $z=2-6$ to probe the outflows in their respective host galaxies ($\mathrm{log(M_*/M_{\odot})}~\sim~9-11$) and search for possible relations between the outflow properties and those of the host galaxies such as $\mathrm{M_*}$, SFR, and specific SFR. First, we consider three outflow properties $-$ outflow column density ($\mathrm{N_{out}}$), maximum outflow velocity ($\mathrm{V_{max}}$), and normalized maximum velocity ($\mathrm{V_{norm}}$ = $\mathrm{V_{max}/V_{circ, halo}}$, where $\mathrm{V_{circ,halo}}$ is the halo circular velocity). We observe clear trends of $\mathrm{N_{out}}$ and $\mathrm{V_{max}}$ with increasing SFR in high-ion-traced outflows, with a stronger ($>~3σ$) $\mathrm{V_{max}}-$SFR correlation. We find that the estimated mass outflow rate and momentum flux of the high-ion outflows scale with SFR and can be supported by the momentum imparted by star formation (supernovae and stellar winds). The kinematic correlations of high-ion-traced outflows with SFR are similar to those observed for star-forming galaxies at low redshifts. The correlations with SFR are weaker in low-ions. This, along with the lower detection fraction in low-ions, indicates that the outflow is primarily high-ion dominated. We also observe a strong ($>~3σ$) trend of normalized velocity ($\mathrm{V_{norm}}$) decreasing with halo mass and increasing with sSFR, suggesting that outflows from low-mass halos and high-sSFR galaxies are most likely to escape and enrich the outer CGM and IGM with metals. By comparing the CGM-GRB stacks with those of starbursts at $z\sim2$ and $z\sim0.1$, we find that over a broad redshift range, the outflow strength strongly depends on the main-sequence offset at the respective redshifts rather than simply the SFR.