论文标题
黑洞旋转的观察性约束
Observational Constraints on Black Hole Spin
论文作者
论文摘要
黑洞的旋转是研究的重要数量，为黑洞诞生和生长的过程提供了一个窗口。此外，自旋可能是为相对论射流和能量颗粒加速度供电的有效能源。在这篇评论中，我描述了目前用于检测和测量黑洞旋转的技术。结果表明：（1）可以使用两种知名的技术，即X射线反射光谱和热连续体拟合，可用于测量以中等速率积聚的黑洞的旋转。还有很多其他电磁技术，使我们能够将自旋测量扩展到降低吸积率。 （2）发现许多吸收超大质量的黑洞是迅速旋转的，尽管从最近的结构地层模型中预期的，在$ m> 3 \ times 10^7 \ $ m> 3 \ times 10^7 \的质量上出现了较慢的黑洞。 （3）X射线二进制系统中的许多吸收恒星质量的黑洞正在迅速旋转，并且必须在这种状态下出生。 （4）引力波天文学的出现使得在合并二进制黑洞时能够检测自旋效应。发现大多数前合并黑洞都在缓慢旋转，一个显着的例外是可能是合并产品的对象。 （5）黑洞X射线二元与二进制黑洞种群之间的自旋差异表明，形成机制有多样化。鉴于目前正在计划的一系列新的电磁和重力波能力，黑洞旋转研究的未来是明亮的。
The spin of a black hole is an important quantity to study, providing a window into the processes by which a black hole was born and grew. Further, spin can be a potent energy source for powering relativistic jets and energetic particle acceleration. In this review, I describe the techniques currently used to detect and measure the spins of black holes. It is shown that: (1) Two well understood techniques, X-ray reflection spectroscopy and thermal continuum fitting, can be used to measure the spins of black holes that are accreting at moderate rates. There is a rich set of other electromagnetic techniques allowing us to extend spin measurements to lower accretion rates. (2) Many accreting supermassive black holes are found to be rapidly-spinning, although a population of more slowly spinning black holes emerges at masses above $M>3\times 10^7\,M_\odot$ as expected from recent structure formation models. (3) Many accreting stellar-mass black holes in X-ray binary systems are rapidly spinning and must have been born in this state. (4) The advent of gravitational wave astronomy has enabled the detection of spin effects in merging binary black holes. Most of the pre-merger black holes are found to be slowly spinning, a notable exception being an object that may itself be a merger product. (5) The stark difference in spins between the black hole X-ray binary and the binary black hole populations shows that there is a diversity of formation mechanisms. Given the array of new electromagnetic and gravitational wave capabilities currently being planned, the future of black hole spin studies is bright.
