论文标题
由于星系构成子网格模型与压力平滑粒子流体动力学的耦合引起的不一致之处
Inconsistencies arising from the coupling of galaxy formation sub-grid models to Pressure-Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
论文作者
论文摘要
平滑的颗粒流体动力学(SPH)是一种拉格朗日方法,用于解决天体物理学中常见的流体方程,以其自然的适应性和稳定性而备受赞誉。在SPH中的变量的选择是争夺的主题,引入了平滑压力(P-SPH),以减少相对于平滑密度方案的接触不连续性的错误。平滑压力方案在孤立的流体动力学测试中产生了出色的结果。但是,在更复杂的情况下,尤其是在许多最先进的天体物理学模拟中使用的“亚网格”物理学和多次时间步骤的耦合时,这些方案会产生较大的力误差,可以轻松逃避检测,因为它们并不表现为能量不可能。这里评估了两种情况:将能量注入流体(常见于恒星反馈)和辐射冷却。在前一种情况下,力和能量保护误差(与注入能量的顺序相同),在后一种大力误差中,在几个时间段上迅速变化的大力误差会导致流体的不稳定(与损失到冷却的能量相同的顺序)。解决这些问题的潜在方法是通过通常导致计算成本大幅增加的解决方案来探索这些问题的。使用基于密度的公式的方案不会创建这些不稳定性,因此建议在与能量扩散项结合使用时,优于基于压力的解决方案,以减少触点不连续性时的误差。
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is a Lagrangian method for solving the fluid equations that is commonplace in astrophysics, prized for its natural adaptivity and stability. The choice of variable to smooth in SPH has been the topic of contention, with smoothed pressure (P-SPH) being introduced to reduce errors at contact discontinuities relative to smoothed density schemes. Smoothed pressure schemes produce excellent results in isolated hydrodynamics tests; in more complex situations however, especially when coupling to the `sub-grid' physics and multiple time-stepping used in many state-of-the-art astrophysics simulations, these schemes produce large force errors that can easily evade detection as they do not manifest as energy non-conservation. Here two scenarios are evaluated: the injection of energy into the fluid (common for stellar feedback) and radiative cooling. In the former scenario, force and energy conservation errors manifest (of the same order as the injected energy), and in the latter large force errors that change rapidly over a few timesteps lead to instability in the fluid (of the same order as the energy lost to cooling). Potential ways to remedy these issues are explored with solutions generally leading to large increases in computational cost. Schemes using a Density-based formulation do not create these instabilities and as such it is recommended that they are preferred over Pressure-based solutions when combined with an energy diffusion term to reduce errors at contact discontinuities.