论文标题
非平衡稳态中电流的非单调偏度
Non-monotonic skewness of currents in non-equilibrium steady states
论文作者
论文摘要
由于热波动,微观系统的任何特性的测量必定会显示出与平均值的显着偏差。对于稳定状态下的热,工作或熵产生等时间整合的电流,实际上,上面和低于平均水平的波动都会很长,在很大程度上可能发生。在本文中,我们表明,对于在非平衡稳态中的任何有限时间测量(而不是平均值)的波动更可能。当系统远离平衡时,这种差异会更高。对于过度阻尼的扩散过程,即使是时间整合电流波动的最佳时间,通常位于平均水平以下。我们证明了这些影响是由于当前波动的非单调偏度而产生的,并提供了证据表明它们在实验中很容易观察到。我们还讨论了它们的扩展,以分散太空马尔可夫跳跃过程以及对生物学和合成微观引擎的影响。
Measurements of any property of a microscopic system are bound to show significant deviations from the average, due to thermal fluctuations. For time-integrated currents such as heat, work or entropy production in a steady state, it is in fact known that there will be long stretches of fluctuations both above as well as below the average, occurring equally likely at large times. In this paper we show that for any finite-time measurement in a non-equilibrium steady state - rather counter-intuitively - fluctuations below the average are more probable. This discrepancy is higher when the system is further away from equilibrium. For overdamped diffusive processes, there is even an optimal time when time-integrated current fluctuations mostly lie below the average. We demonstrate that these effects result from the non-monotonic skewness of current fluctuations and provide evidence that they are easily observable in experiments. We also discuss their extensions to discrete space Markov jump processes and implications to biological and synthetic microscopic engines.