论文标题

恒星进化中的自组织:尺寸复杂性规则

Self-Organization In Stellar Evolution: Size-Complexity Rule

论文作者

Butler, Travis Herman, Georgiev, Georgi Yordanov

论文摘要

复杂性理论是高度跨学科的,因此任何规律都必须在所有级别的组织上保持独立于系统的性质。科学中的一个开放问题是,复杂的系统如何自组织如何产生新兴的结构和特性,这是非平衡热力学的分支。早就知道,自然系统中存在数量质量的过渡。这就是说系统的属性取决于其大小。最近,这被称为尺寸复杂性规则,这意味着要增加其尺寸,系统必须提高其复杂性,并且要增加其复杂性,它们必须在大小上增长。该规则在不同性质的不同学科和系统中以不同的名称为单位,例如地区规范规则,规模经济,生物学和城市中的规模关系(相对)以及许多其他人。我们将尺寸复杂性规则应用于恒星,以将它们与其他复杂系统进行比较,以找到独立于底物的自我组织的通用模式。在这里,作为恒星复杂性的量度,我们正在使用核子分组到原子中的程度,从而减少了核子熵,增加了元素的多样性,并改变了恒星的结构。正如我们以前的工作所见,复杂性在使用动作效率中,是复杂系统(包括其大小)的所有其他特征的权力定律比例。在这里,我们发现,至于所研究的其他系统,恒星的复杂性与大小相称 - 系统越大,其复杂性水平越高 - 爆炸能量不同,模拟和数据的初始金属性差异,这证实了大小复杂性规则和我们的模型。

Complexity Theory is highly interdisciplinary, therefore any regularities must hold on all levels of organization, independent on the nature of the system. An open question in science is how complex systems self-organize to produce emergent structures and properties, a branch of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. It has long been known that there is a quantity-quality transition in natural systems. This is to say that the properties of a system depend on its size. More recently, this has been termed the size-complexity rule, which means that to increase their size, systems must increase their complexity, and that to increase their complexity they must grow in size. This rule goes under different names in different disciplines and systems of different nature, such as the area-speciation rule, economies of scale, scaling relations (allometric) in biology and for cities, and many others. We apply the size-complexity rule to stars to compare them with other complex systems in order to find universal patterns of self-organization independent of the substrate. Here, as a measure of complexity of a star, we are using the degree of grouping of nucleons into atoms, which reduces nucleon entropy, increases the variety of elements, and changes the structure of the star. As seen in our previous work, complexity, using action efficiency, is in power law proportionality of all other characteristics of a complex system, including its size. Here we find that, as for the other systems studied, the complexity of stars is in a power law proportionality with their size - the bigger a system is, the higher its level of complexity is - despite differing explosion energies and initial metallicities from simulations and data, which confirms the size-complexity rule and our model.

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