论文标题

认知模式的矫形学

The Orthologic of Epistemic Modals

论文作者

Holliday, Wesley H., Mandelkern, Matthew

论文摘要

认知模式具有特殊的逻辑特征,这些特征在广泛的古典框架中具有挑战性。例如,虽然表格$ p \ wedge \ diamond \ neg p $('$ p $,但可能不是$ p $')的句子似乎是矛盾的,但$ \ diamond \ neg p $不需要$ \ neg p $,这将在古典逻辑中遵循。同样,认知模式的分发性和析取图的经典定律失败了。现有的尝试考虑这些事实通常不正确或过度正确。有人预测,所谓的认识论矛盾,$ p \ wedge \ diamond \ neg p $仅在一种矛盾的意义上是矛盾的,在一个概念的概念下,这种概念并不总是让我们替换$ p \ wedge \ wedge \ diamond \ diamond \ neg neg p $与矛盾;这些理论低估了嵌入认知矛盾的虚拟性。其他理论野蛮的经典逻辑,不仅消除了直觉上失败的规则,而且还取消了非矛盾,被排除的中间,德·摩根的定律和脱节引入等规则,这对认知模式仍然有效。在本文中,我们旨在建立中间立场,为认知模式开发一种语义和逻辑,这使认知矛盾真正矛盾,并使分布性和脱节的三段论无效,但否则保留了经典的法律,这些法律在直觉上保持有效。我们从基于矫形器而不是布尔代数的代数语义开始,然后根据兼容性相关的部分可能性提出了更具体的可能性语义。这两种语义都产生了相同的后果关系,我们是公理化的。然后,我们展示如何将非模式语言的任意世界模型提升为具有认知模式的语言的可能性模型。

Epistemic modals have peculiar logical features that are challenging to account for in a broadly classical framework. For instance, while a sentence of the form $p\wedge\Diamond\neg p$ ('$p$, but it might be that not $p$') appears to be a contradiction, $\Diamond\neg p$ does not entail $\neg p$, which would follow in classical logic. Likewise, the classical laws of distributivity and disjunctive syllogism fail for epistemic modals. Existing attempts to account for these facts generally either under- or over-correct. Some predict that $p\wedge\Diamond\neg p$, a so-called epistemic contradiction, is a contradiction only in an etiolated sense, under a notion of entailment that does not always allow us to replace $p\wedge\Diamond\neg p$ with a contradiction; these theories underpredict the infelicity of embedded epistemic contradictions. Other theories savage classical logic, eliminating not just rules that intuitively fail but also rules like non-contradiction, excluded middle, De Morgan's laws, and disjunction introduction, which intuitively remain valid for epistemic modals. In this paper, we aim for a middle ground, developing a semantics and logic for epistemic modals that makes epistemic contradictions genuine contradictions and that invalidates distributivity and disjunctive syllogism but that otherwise preserves classical laws that intuitively remain valid. We start with an algebraic semantics, based on ortholattices instead of Boolean algebras, and then propose a more concrete possibility semantics, based on partial possibilities related by compatibility. Both semantics yield the same consequence relation, which we axiomatize. We then show how to lift an arbitrary possible worlds model for a non-modal language to a possibility model for a language with epistemic modals.

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