论文标题

时间操作员在规范上与哈密顿生成翻译的经验充足性

Empirical adequacy of the time operator canonically conjugate to a Hamiltonian generating translations

论文作者

Stoica, Ovidiu Cristinel

论文摘要

要承认一个典型的共轭时间运算符,哈密顿人必须是翻译的生成器(例如动量运算符在太空中生成翻译),因此必须没有界限。但是,人们认为统治我们世界的哈密顿人是从下面界定的。同样,从标准模型的字段和参数数量来看,哈密顿量似乎要复杂得多。 在本文中,我举例说明了由汉密尔顿人产生翻译的世界的例子。就像动量操作员一样,它们可以表达为部分导数操作员,但是当在其他可观察物的功能上表达时,它们可以表现出任何级别的复杂性。这些示例包括任何实现标准理想测量值的量子世界,任何包含时钟或无质量费用的量子世界,任何确定性时间可逆的动力系统的量子表示,而没有时间循环,以及任何无法返回过去状态的量子世界。 这样的世界和我们的世界一样复杂,但他们承认了一个时间运营商。我表明,尽管哈密顿无限的哈密顿人,但与任何量子或古典世界相比,它们不会衰减无限的负能量。由于同一希尔伯特空间维度的两个这样的量子系统在单位上是等效的,即使它们的物理内容非常不同,因此它们是希尔伯特太空原教旨主义(HSF)的具体反例。考虑到可观察到的东西消除了HSF的歧义和时钟的歧义问题归因于Page-wootters形式主义,这也是由假设HSF引起的。这些结果为恢复量子力学制定的时空对称性和针对页面形式的形式主义提供了额外的动机。

To admit a canonically conjugate time operator, the Hamiltonian has to be a generator of translations (like the momentum operator generates translations in space), so its spectrum must be unbounded. But the Hamiltonian governing our world is thought to be bounded from below. Also, judging by the number of fields and parameters of the Standard Model, the Hamiltonian seems much more complicated. In this article I give examples of worlds governed by Hamiltonians generating translations. They can be expressed as a partial derivative operator just like the momentum operator, but when expressed in function of other observables they can exhibit any level of complexity. The examples include any quantum world realizing a standard ideal measurement, any quantum world containing a clock or a free massless fermion, the quantum representation of any deterministic time-reversible dynamical system without time loops, and any quantum world that cannot return to a past state. Such worlds are as sophisticated as our world, but they admit a time operator. I show that, despite having unbounded Hamiltonian, they do not decay to infinite negative energy any more than any quantum or classical world. Since two such quantum systems of the same Hilbert space dimension are unitarily equivalent even if the physical content of their observables is very different, they are concrete counterexamples to Hilbert Space Fundamentalism (HSF). Taking the observables into account removes the ambiguity of HSF and the clock ambiguity problem attributed to the Page-Wootters formalism, also caused by assuming HSF. These results provide additional motivations to restore the spacetime symmetry in the formulation of Quantum Mechanics and for the Page-Wootters formalism.

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