论文标题
分析美国和未来30年的氢生产成本
Analysis of Hydrogen Production Costs across the United States and over the next 30 years
论文作者
论文摘要
氢可以在脱碳中起重要作用。虽然通常通过SMR产生氢，但也可以通过清洁的水电解产生。由于网格的差异，整个美国通过SMR和电解的相对成本和碳强度各不相同。尽管存在许多氢成本模型，但在美国尚未进行区域氢研究。我们研究了整个美国产生氢的氢（LOCH）和碳强度的水平成本。我们研究了电解技术（碱性，PEM和SOEC），并将其与SMR进行了比较。在2020年，与SOEC相比，CCUS 90％CCU的SMR的平均LCOH和碳强度较低。对于具有清洁网格的状态，通过SOEC产生的氢比使用90％CCUS的SMR产生的氢气较低。华盛顿拥有最低的碳足迹之一，是通过电解（碱性）产生氢的最低loch。我们预测，碱性氢生产的LOCH为碱性为3.2美元，PEM每公斤3.1美元，而到2050年，SOEC的LOCH为每公斤3.1美元，每公斤2.6美元，持续的电价。这些预计的LOCH仍然高于通过SMR产生的90％CCU的氢气的LOCH。如果电力成本降至每千瓦时2摄氏度，我们预计使用90％CCUS的SMR达到成本准则。结果表明，与SMR相比，需要大量投资电网和降低电力成本，以使电解更具竞争力。
Hydrogen can play an important role for decarbonization. While hydrogen is usually produced through SMR, it can also be produced through water electrolysis which is cleaner. The relative cost and carbon intensity of hydrogen production through SMR and electrolysis vary throughout the United States because of differences in the grid. While many hydrogen cost models exist, no regional hydrogen study has been conducted across the US. We studied how the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) and carbon intensity for producing hydrogen vary across the US. We looked at electrolysis technologies (Alkaline, PEM, and SOEC) and compared them to SMR. In 2020, SMR with 90 percent CCUS has a lower average LCOH and carbon intensity for hydrogen production than electrolysis by SOEC. For states with cleaner grids, hydrogen produced through SOEC has a lower carbon intensity than hydrogen produced using SMR with 90 percent CCUS. Washington has one of the lowest carbon footprints and the lowest LCOH to produce hydrogen through electrolysis (alkaline). We predict that the LCOH for hydrogen production will be 3.2 USD per kg for Alkaline, 3.1 USD per kg for PEM, and 2.6 USD per kg for SOEC by 2050 with constant electricity prices. These projected LCOHs are still higher than the LCOH for hydrogen produced through SMR with 90 percent CCUS. If electricity costs decrease to 2c per kWh, we expect to reach cost-parity with SMR with 90 percent CCUS. The results suggest that significant investment in decarbonizing the grid and lowering the cost of electricity needs to be made to make electrolysis more competitive compared to SMR.
