论文标题

通过学习重建安全地形来进行自我监督的遍历性预测

Self-Supervised Traversability Prediction by Learning to Reconstruct Safe Terrain

论文作者

Schmid, Robin, Atha, Deegan, Schöller, Frederik, Dey, Sharmita, Fakoorian, Seyed, Otsu, Kyohei, Ridge, Barry, Bjelonic, Marko, Wellhausen, Lorenz, Hutter, Marco, Agha-mohammadi, Ali-akbar

论文摘要

使用快速自动驾驶汽车导航越野,取决于强大的感知系统,该系统与不可传输的地形区分开来。通常,这取决于语义理解,该语义理解基于从人类专家注释的图像中的监督学习。这需要在人类时间上进行大量投资,假定正确的专家分类,并且小细节可能导致错误分类。为了应对这些挑战,我们提出了一种仅以自我监督的方式从过去的车辆体验中预测高风险地形的方法。首先,我们开发了一种将车辆轨迹投射到前摄像头图像中的工具。其次,将地形3D表示中的遮挡过滤掉了。第三,在蒙面车辆轨迹区域训练的自动编码器根据重建误差确定了低风险和高风险的地形。我们通过两种型号和不同的瓶颈评估了我们的方法,并使用两个不同的训练站点和四轮越野车进行了测试。与来自类似地形的两个独立的语义标签的独立测试集比较,表明可以将地面作为低风险和植被(以81.1%和85.1%精度的高风险)分开。

Navigating off-road with a fast autonomous vehicle depends on a robust perception system that differentiates traversable from non-traversable terrain. Typically, this depends on a semantic understanding which is based on supervised learning from images annotated by a human expert. This requires a significant investment in human time, assumes correct expert classification, and small details can lead to misclassification. To address these challenges, we propose a method for predicting high- and low-risk terrains from only past vehicle experience in a self-supervised fashion. First, we develop a tool that projects the vehicle trajectory into the front camera image. Second, occlusions in the 3D representation of the terrain are filtered out. Third, an autoencoder trained on masked vehicle trajectory regions identifies low- and high-risk terrains based on the reconstruction error. We evaluated our approach with two models and different bottleneck sizes with two different training and testing sites with a fourwheeled off-road vehicle. Comparison with two independent test sets of semantic labels from similar terrain as training sites demonstrates the ability to separate the ground as low-risk and the vegetation as high-risk with 81.1% and 85.1% accuracy.

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