论文标题

Betelgeuse的巨大变暗:表面质量弹出(SME)及其后果

The Great Dimming of Betelgeuse: a Surface Mass Ejection (SME) and its Consequences

论文作者

Dupree, Andrea K., Strassmeier, Klaus G., Calderwood, Thomas, Granzer, Thomas, Weber, Michael, Kravchenko, Kateryna, Matthews, Lynn D., Montarges, Miguel, Tappin, James, Thompson, William T.

论文摘要

明亮的Supergiant Betelgeuse(Alpha Orionis,HD 39801)在2020年1月27日$ -2月13日进行了历史性光学调度。在电磁频谱上进行了许多成像和光谱观察结果,在此期间,之中,之中,之后,之后,之后以及此次调度的事件。贝特尔盖塞(Betelgeuse)的这些观察结果表明,发生了大量的表面质量弹出(SME),并通过超级巨人的扩展大气中移出。在2019年1月至3月发生了光电冲击,在接下来的11个月中,恒星的扩展气氛发展,并导致大气中的尘埃生产。由于质量流出的大量流出,恒星光球的温度较低,并且密度较低。质量弹出可能是恒星年度总质量损失率的很大一部分,这表明情节质量损失事件可以贡献与恒星风相当的量。 SME之后,Betelgeuse留下了较冷的平均光球,异常的短光度振荡,降低的速度偏移以及$ \ sim $ 400天的脉动在光学和径向速度中的脉动消失了两年以上,持续了两年以上。

The bright supergiant, Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis, HD 39801), underwent a historic optical dimming during 2020 January 27 $-$ February 13. Many imaging and spectroscopic observations across the electromagnetic spectrum were obtained prior to, during, and subsequent to this dimming event. These observations of Betelgeuse reveal that a substantial surface mass ejection (SME) occurred and moved out through the extended atmosphere of the supergiant. A photospheric shock occurred in 2019 January - March, progressed through the extended atmosphere of the star during the following 11 months and led to dust production in the atmosphere. Resulting from the substantial mass outflow, the stellar photosphere was left with lower temperatures and the chromosphere with a lower density. The mass ejected could represent a significant fraction of the total annual mass loss rate from the star suggesting that episodic mass loss events can contribute an amount comparable to that of the stellar wind. Following the SME, Betelgeuse was left with a cooler average photosphere, an unusual short photometric oscillation, reduced velocity excursions, and the disappearance of the $\sim$400-day pulsation in the optical and radial velocity for more than two years following the Great Dimming.

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