论文标题
统一高分辨率和低分辨率观察结果,以限制Kelt-20b/睫毛膏-2B的日期大气层
Unifying High- and Low-resolution Observations to Constrain the Dayside Atmosphere of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b
论文作者
论文摘要
我们使用Maroon-X光谱仪提出了系外行星Kelt-20b/睫毛膏-2B的高分辨率日光发射观测。我们使用经验和理论面具以及检索分析应用互相关方法,我们确认了Fe \,\ textsc {i}发射线的先前检测,并且我们在行星中首次检测Ni \,\ textsc {i}(在4.7 $σ$ cuttornet中)。我们看不到栗色数据中其他物种的证据,包括明显预测的热反转代理Tio和Vo,它们的原子成分Ti \,\ textsc {i} {i}和v \,\ \ \ textsc {i},以及先前声称的物种fe \ fe \,\ textsc {ii} and cr \ cr \ cr \ textsc {i}。我们还使用现有\ textIt {Hubble Space望远镜}/WFC3光谱和\ textIt {Spitzer}/IRAC光度计进行联合检索。这使我们可以将有限的约束放在Fe \,\ textsc {i},h $ _2 $ o和CO的丰度上,并在TIO丰度上放置了严格的上限。结果与Kelt-20b在散装金属富集以及碳与氧和铁与氧气比方面具有太阳能与略微的超极大氛围一致。但是,TIO体积混合比上限(10 $^{ - 7.6} $在99 \%置信度)与这张图片不一致,这与Ti \,\ TextSc {I}的未检测一起,指向Ti物种的顺序,可能是由于夜幕般的凝结。缺乏TIO,但是在WFC3数据中存在大的H $ _2 $ o发射功能,在一维自一致,辐射式感染模型的上下文中和调和很具有挑战性。
We present high-resolution dayside thermal emission observations of the exoplanet KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b using the MAROON-X spectrograph. Applying the cross-correlation method with both empirical and theoretical masks and a retrieval analysis, we confirm previous detections of Fe\,\textsc{i} emission lines and we detect Ni\,\textsc{i} for the first time in the planet (at 4.7$σ$ confidence). We do not see evidence for additional species in the MAROON-X data, including notably predicted thermal inversion agents TiO and VO, their atomic constituents Ti\,\textsc{i} and V\,\textsc{i}, and previously claimed species Fe\,\textsc{ii} and Cr\,\textsc{i}. We also perform a joint retrieval with existing \textit{Hubble Space Telescope}/WFC3 spectroscopy and \textit{Spitzer}/IRAC photometry. This allows us to place bounded constraints on the abundances of Fe\,\textsc{i}, H$_2$O, and CO, and to place a stringent upper limit on the TiO abundance. The results are consistent with KELT-20b having a solar to slightly super-solar composition atmosphere in terms of the bulk metal enrichment, and the carbon-to-oxygen and iron-to-oxygen ratios. However, the TiO volume mixing ratio upper limit (10$^{-7.6}$ at 99\% confidence) is inconsistent with this picture, which, along with the non-detection of Ti\,\textsc{i}, points to sequestration of Ti species, possibly due to nightside condensation. The lack of TiO but the presence of a large H$_2$O emission feature in the WFC3 data is challenging to reconcile within the context of 1D self-consistent, radiative-convective models.