论文标题
反卡拉:卡拉自动驾驶汽车的对抗测试框架
ANTI-CARLA: An Adversarial Testing Framework for Autonomous Vehicles in CARLA
论文作者
论文摘要
尽管自动驾驶系统最近取得了进步,但2018年致命的Uber崩溃等事故表明,这些系统仍然容易受到边缘案件的影响。在部署在现实世界中以避免此类事件之前,必须对此类系统进行彻底的测试和验证。在开放世界的情况下进行测试可能很困难,耗时且昂贵。这些挑战可以通过使用驾驶模拟器(例如Carla)来解决。此类测试的一个关键部分是对抗性测试,其中的目标是找到导致给定系统故障的方案。尽管已经做出了几项独立的测试努力,但建立了一个完善的测试框架,该框架尚未为Carla提供对抗性测试。因此,我们提出了Anti-Carla,这是CARLA中的自动测试框架,用于模拟对抗性天气条件(例如,大雨)和传感器故障(例如,摄像头遮挡),使系统失败。在场景描述语言中指定了应测试给定系统的操作条件。该框架提供了一种有效的搜索机制,该机制可以搜索将使经过测试系统失败的对抗操作条件。通过这种方式,反卡拉扩展了Carla模拟器,能够在任何给定的驾驶管道上进行对抗测试。我们使用反卡拉来测试通过作弊方法训练学习的驾驶管道(LBC)方法。模拟结果表明,尽管LBC在Carla基准中达到100%的精度,但反卡拉可以有效并自动找到一系列故障案例。
Despite recent advances in autonomous driving systems, accidents such as the fatal Uber crash in 2018 show these systems are still susceptible to edge cases. Such systems must be thoroughly tested and validated before being deployed in the real world to avoid such events. Testing in open-world scenarios can be difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. These challenges can be addressed by using driving simulators such as CARLA instead. A key part of such tests is adversarial testing, in which the goal is to find scenarios that lead to failures of the given system. While several independent efforts in testing have been made, a well-established testing framework that enables adversarial testing has yet to be made available for CARLA. We therefore propose ANTI-CARLA, an automated testing framework in CARLA for simulating adversarial weather conditions (e.g., heavy rain) and sensor faults (e.g., camera occlusion) that fail the system. The operating conditions in which a given system should be tested are specified in a scenario description language. The framework offers an efficient search mechanism that searches for adversarial operating conditions that will fail the tested system. In this way, ANTI-CARLA extends the CARLA simulator with the capability of performing adversarial testing on any given driving pipeline. We use ANTI-CARLA to test the driving pipeline trained with Learning By Cheating (LBC) approach. The simulation results demonstrate that ANTI-CARLA can effectively and automatically find a range of failure cases despite LBC reaching an accuracy of 100% in the CARLA benchmark.