论文标题

引用表明在美国政治新闻中客观性下降

Quotatives Indicate Decline in Objectivity in U.S. Political News

论文作者

Hu, Tiancheng, Ribeiro, Manoel Horta, West, Robert, Spitz, Andreas

论文摘要

根据新闻标准,直接引用应归因于带有客观引用的来源,例如“说”和“告诉”,因为非客观报价,例如“辩论”和“坚持”将影响读者对报价和引用者的看法。在本文中,我们分析了对这一新闻规范的遵守,以研究各种意识形态倾向的美国政治新闻的客观性趋势。我们问:1)非客观报价的用法如何发展? 2)新闻媒体在涵盖不同政党的政客时如何使用非客观报价?为了回答这些问题,我们开发了一种基于依赖性的方法来提取报价,并将其应用于Quotebank,这是一种属性报价的网络规模的语料库,获得了近700万情的报价,每种报价都充满了引用的演讲者的政党和发表报价的媒体的意识形态倾向。我们发现,虽然党派媒体是最常使用非客观报价的媒体,但在2013年至2020年之间,增加了对非客观报价的使用的媒体最多的是“中度”中心主义新闻媒体(约0.6个百分点(约为0.6个百分点),在7年内相对百分比为20%)。此外,我们发现,当引用对立意识形态的政客(例如,引用共和党人引用的左倾媒体)时,渠道会更经常使用非客观报价,并且这种“引文偏见”快速上升,高达0.5个百分点,或每年相对百分比增加了0.5个百分点。这些发现表明,美国政治新闻中新闻客观性的总体下降。

According to journalistic standards, direct quotes should be attributed to sources with objective quotatives such as "said" and "told", as nonobjective quotatives, like "argued" and "insisted" would influence the readers' perception of the quote and the quoted person. In this paper, we analyze the adherence to this journalistic norm to study trends in objectivity in political news across U.S. outlets of different ideological leanings. We ask: 1) How has the usage of nonobjective quotatives evolved? and 2) How do news outlets use nonobjective quotatives when covering politicians of different parties? To answer these questions, we developed a dependency-parsing-based method to extract quotatives and applied it to Quotebank, a web-scale corpus of attributed quotes, obtaining nearly 7 million quotes, each enriched with the quoted speaker's political party and the ideological leaning of the outlet that published the quote. We find that while partisan outlets are the ones that most often use nonobjective quotatives, between 2013 and 2020, the outlets that increased their usage of nonobjective quotatives the most were "moderate" centrist news outlets (around 0.6 percentage points, or 20% in relative percentage over 7 years). Further, we find that outlets use nonobjective quotatives more often when quoting politicians of the opposing ideology (e.g., left-leaning outlets quoting Republicans), and that this "quotative bias" is rising at a swift pace, increasing up to 0.5 percentage points, or 25% in relative percentage, per year. These findings suggest an overall decline in journalistic objectivity in U.S. political news.

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