论文标题
太空天气：从太阳能到及时发展的风险和危害
Space Weather: From Solar Origins to Risks and Hazards Evolving in Time
论文作者
论文摘要
太空天气是对人类有直接影响的空间物理的一部分。太空天气是一个古老的太空物理分支，它可以追溯到1808年，伟大的博物学家亚历山大·冯·洪堡（Alexander von Humboldt）发表了一篇论文（冯·洪堡（Von Humboldt），1808年）。太空天气目前正在经历爆炸性的增长，因为它对人类技术的影响越来越多样化。太空天气是由于太阳能过程的可变性引起的，这些太阳能过程会导致星际，磁层，电离层，大气和地面效应。太空天气有时会对技术系统和人类健康产生强大的影响。威胁和风险不是假设的，在极端太空天气事件时，后果对于人类可能会很严重。审查的目的是简要介绍负责太空天气风险和危害的整个物理过程，从太阳能起源到行星际空间，地球磁层和电离层以及地面的影响和影响。该论文表明，随着时间的流逝，与太空天气相关的风险并不是恒定的。随着我们的社会在技术上越来越高级，它们已经发展。该论文以对卡灵顿活动的简要介绍开始。接下来，审查了最强的已知空间天气过程的描述。简要介绍了地磁风暴和实体的概念。还考虑了太空天气的主要影响/影响，包括被认为会导致停电的地磁电流（GIC）。还将讨论辐射对航空电子和人类健康，电离层影响和影响以及热层效应和卫星阻力的影响。最后，我们将讨论当前太空天气预报的挑战，并检查一些最坏的情况。
Space Weather is the portion of space physics that has a direct effect on humankind. Space Weather is an old branch of space physics that originates back to 1808 with the publication of a paper by the great naturalist Alexander von Humboldt (von Humboldt, 1808). Space Weather is currently experiencing explosive growth, because its effects on human technologies have become more and more diverse. Space Weather is due to the variability of solar processes that cause interplanetary, magnetospheric, ionospheric, atmospheric and ground level effects. Space Weather can at times have strong impacts on technological systems and human health. The threats and risks are not hypothetical, and in the event of extreme Space Weather events the consequences could be quite severe for humankind. The purpose of the review is to give a brief overall view of the full chain of physical processes responsible for Space Weather risks and hazards, tracing them from solar origins to effects and impacts in interplanetary space, in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere and at the ground. The paper shows that the risks associated with Space Weather have not been constant over time; they have evolved as our society becomes more and more technologically advanced. The paper begins with a brief introduction to the Carrington event. Next, the descriptions of the strongest known Space Weather processes are reviewed. The concepts of geomagnetic storms and substorms are briefly introduced. The main effects/impacts of Space Weather are also considered, including geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) which are thought to cause power outages. The effects of radiation on avionics and human health, ionospheric effects and impacts, and thermosphere effects and satellite drag will also be discussed. Finally, we will discuss the current challenges of Space Weather forecasting and examine some of the worst-case scenarios.
